Table 1. Macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell line) viabilities of solvent extracts from licorices cultivated in different countries

Extract	Cultivar	Macrophage viability (%)1)
		20 μg/mL	100 μg/mL
Saline2)	-	100.0±3.43)
EtOH (E)	Jecheon (KJ)	122.2±15.8	130.1±3.1*
	China (C)	98.8±4.4	115.3±7.8
	Uzbekistan (U)	111.0±8.4	112.9±1.7*
Hot-water (HW)	Jecheon (KJ)	145.3±1.3*4)	209.4±13.8*
	China (C)	161.6±3.9*	190.2±11.0*
	Uzbekistan (U)	152.4±14.6	180.3±6.8*
LPS5)	-	193.1±5.8*

Only saline without sample.
Viability (%) = (sample macrophages/saline macrophages) × 100.
Results are presented as mean±standard deviation of four independent experiments.
* p<0.05; significant difference between the saline and each sample.
Lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/mL) from Escherichia coli.