Table 1. Bioconversion of ginsenoside by lactic acid bacteria (Adopted from Park, 2019).

Strains Transformation pathways References
Lactobacillus brevis Rb1 → Rd, gypenoside XVII → F2 → CK (37)
Rd → F2 → CK (38)
Rb1 → Rd → F2 → CK (13)
Lactobacillus helveticus Rb1 → Rd → Rg3 → Rh2; Re → Rg1 → Rh1 (39)
Lactobacillus paralimentarius Rb1 → Rd, gypenoside XVII → F2 → CK (40)
Lactobacillus pentosus Rb1 → Rd, gypenoside XVII → F2 → CK (41)
Lactobacillus plantarum Rb1 → Rd (42)
Rb2, Rb3 → Rd (43)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rb1 → Rd (44)
Leuconostoc citreum Rb1 → Rd, gypenoside XVII → F2 → CK (45)
Leuconostoc mesenteroides Rb1 → Rg3, Rg5 (46)
Rb1, Rb2 → Rg3; Re → Rg1 (47)
Leuconostoc paramesenteroides Rb1 → CK (43)
Pediococcus pentosaceus Rb1 → Rd → Rg3 → Rh2; Re → Rg1 → Rh1 (39)
Rb1 → Rg3, Rg5 (46)